ischemic penumbra metabolic demand

As mentioned before, astrocytes play an essential role in the re-flux of glucose into neurons for energy production and utilization. . In this work, we review how the concept of ischemic penumbra has been evolving from its purely electrophysiological/ hemodynamic based definition to the wider metabolic-cellular-therapeutic concept that is managed today by neuroscientists. Zhou M., Wang H., Zeng X., Yin P., Zhu J., Chen W., Li X., Wang L., Wang L., Liu Y., et al. The study conducted cerebral ischemia and IPC in cultured rodent astrocytes and neurons, revealed that neurons incubated with IPC-treated astrocytes were significantly protected against lethal ischemic injury. The astrocytic glycolysis is also stimulated by neuronal activation, giving neurons the capacity of tight control over astrocyte metabolism. A diagram showing metabolism in the ischemic, penumbra and distant Goyal M., Menon B.K., van Zwam W.H., Dippel D.W., Mitchell P.J., Demchuk A.M., Dvalos A., Majoie C.B., van der Lug A., de Miquel M.A., et al. Studies have revealed that inhibitors of ferroptosis, such as ferrostatins, carvacrol, and liproxstatins, could protect against cerebral ischemic injury in rodent models [43,48]. -ketoglutarate, produced by glutaminolysis, is vital for alternatively M2-activated macrophages [69]. Before Measurement of the Ischemic Penumbra With MRI: It's About Time Most ketones are generated in the liver, while the transport of ketone bodies across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the limiting step. Glycogen: The metabolism of glycogen is critical for the release of stored glucose. Lactate: Previous research has suggested that astrocytes play a pivotal role in the induction of ischemic tolerance [83], during which lactate is extremely crucial. Moreover, the brain utilizes metabolic plasticity, a protective response to stroke injury. Third, iron deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke [46]. Sarrafzadegan N., Gharipour M., Sadeghi M., Nezafati P., Talaie M., Oveisgharan S., Nouri F., Khosravi A. Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke. It has been found that metabolic disorder is a determinant of the incidence and progression of stroke. Blood Vessel Reactivity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, as a targeted defense against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. (2014) Multi-parametric imaging of cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic response followed by ischemic injury . In the early phase, tissues benefit within minutes of IPC intervention, lasting for 23 h, while the late phase occurs at 1224 h and lasts for 23 days. To enhance energy reserves, IPC improves mitochondrial efficiency for cellular energy metabolism, boosts glycolysis, and stockpiles and utilizes alternative energy substrates. Early reperfusion aims to save the ischemic penumbra by preventing infarct core expansion and is the mainstay of acute ischemic stroke therapy. Finally, the NAD+ pool declines by approximately 3550%. Meanwhile, exogenous supplementation of lactate has shown remarkable effects in traumatic brain injury therapy [23].

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